Catastrophes provoquées par la nature et implication des forces armées : Exploration d'un cadre de collaboration civilo-militaire
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.25071/2ek7p160Résumé
Les catastrophes naturelles ont fait des ravages au Canada au cours de la dernière décennie. Bien que nombre de ces risques ne puissent être évités (par exemple, les tremblements de terre), leurs impacts peuvent être gérés grâce à une planification judicieuse et à la mobilisation des ressources nationales. Compte tenu de la force implacable de la nature et du degré d’anticipation et de préparation nécessaire, les institutions civiles et militaires canadiennes doivent travailler en synergie pour utiliser de manière optimale le capital humain, les connaissances et les ressources financières. Les Forces armées canadiennes (FAC) et les acteurs de la société civile ont souligné l’importance de renforcer la capacité d’adaptation et la confiance dans les forces armées pour répondre aux catastrophes. Ainsi, l’implication fréquente dans les réponses nationales détourne l’attention des FAC des menaces à la sécurité nationale et internationale, soulignant une préoccupation nationale sérieuse. Dans ce contexte, le présent document analyse les modèles de coopération civilo-militaire existants en matière de gestion des catastrophes au Canada et aux États-Unis. Trois objectifs sont fixés : a) explorer les principaux principes et approches des forces armées en matière de gestion des catastrophes et des situations d’urgence, b) trouver des similitudes et des différences dans les priorités institutionnelles et en matière de ressources (avant et pendant l’apparition d’événements extrêmes déclenchés par la nature), et c) identifier les meilleures pratiques de collaboration et les modes de fonctionnement des parties prenantes impliquées. En utilisant une approche d’étude de cas, une étude documentaire des documents politiques et d’une base de données d’événements pour deux catastrophes à grande échelle : une aux États-Unis (l’ouragan Katrina en 2005) et une au Canada (l’inondation de la rivière Rouge en 1997 au Manitoba) a été réalisée. Les résultats ont permis de dégager les principales conclusions suivantes : a) les différences organisationnelles et culturelles entre les autorités civiles et militaires des deux pays déterminent la nature de la gestion des catastrophes ; b) la centralisation par rapport à la décentralisation des ressources est restée le facteur clé pour accélérer la réponse aux catastrophes ; c) la portée et les limites politiques et juridiques de la coopération civilo-militaire sont souvent floues ; et d) la seule application de l’approche “commandement, contrôle et communication” (C3) devient problématique lorsqu’une approche multipartite est privilégiée pour la gestion des catastrophes.
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